Identifying the type of venomous snake responsible for a bite can be challenging. However, it is possible to make an initial distinction between neurotoxic and hemotoxic bites based on the characteristics of the wound. Further identification can be made by observing specific clinical symptoms and examining the bite marks and fang spacing.
Clinical Symptoms and Bite Characteristics
- Cobra Bites (Neurotoxic)
- Symptoms: Pupillary constriction (miosis)
- Bite Marks: Significant bruising and swelling around the wound
- Viper Bites (Hemotoxic)
- Symptoms: Hematuria (blood in urine) within 30 minutes of the bite
- Bite Marks: Deep tissue discoloration, significant bleeding, and possibly blistering at the site
- Pit Viper Bites (Hemotoxic)
- Symptoms: Diplopia (double vision)
Specific Bite Mark Patterns and Fang Spacing
| Snake Species | Fang Spacing (cm) | Bite Mark Pattern | Additional Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bamboo Pit Viper | 0.5 – 1.2 | Figure-eight shape | – |
| Mamushi (Viper) | 0.6 – 1.2 | Small spacing | – |
| Banded Krait | 0.8 – 1.6 | Pin-shape | Surrounding skin may appear like lychee skin |
| Many-banded Krait | 0.8 – 1.4 | Pin-shape | Skin around the wound may show tearing |
| Russell’s Viper | 1.0 – 1.5 | Dark discoloration | – |
| Cobra | 1.1 – 1.9 | Significant bruising | Noticeable swelling around the wound |
| King Cobra | 1.5 – 3.0 | Large swelling | – |
| Hundred-Pace Viper | 1.5 – 3.5 | Large spacing | Excessive bleeding, local blisters, and blood blisters |
Distinguishing Venomous Snakes from Non-Venomous Snakes
- Head Shape: Venomous snakes typically have a triangular-shaped head.
- Body Markings: Venomous snakes often have bright, distinctive patterns on their bodies.
- Fangs: Venomous snakes have paired, hollow or grooved fangs connected to venom glands. These fangs inject venom when the snake bites.
By carefully observing the wound and the symptoms presented, medical professionals can make an educated guess about the type of snake involved in the bite. This information is crucial for administering the appropriate antivenom and treatment.